Italian and Dutch engraving began slightly after the Germans, but were well developed by 1500. Martin Schongauer was one of the most significant early artists in the engraving technique, and Albrecht Dürer is one of the most famous intaglio artists. Scholars and practitioners of printmaking have suggested that the idea of making prints from engraved plates may well have originated with goldsmiths' practices of taking an impression on paper of a design engraved on an object, in order to keep a record of their work, or to check the quality. Engraving had been used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork, including armor, musical instruments and religious objects since ancient times, and the niello technique, which involved rubbing an alloy into the lines to give a contrasting color, also goes back to late antiquity. Intaglio printmaking emerged in Europe well after the woodcut print, with the earliest known surviving examples being undated designs for playing cards made in Germany, using drypoint technique, probably in the late 1430s. The final stages repeat for each copy needed. The blanket is then lifted, revealing the paper and printed image. Dampened paper will usually be fed against the plate, covered by a blanket, so when pressed by rolling press it is squeezed into the plate's ink-filled grooves with uniform very high pressure.
The plate is then rubbed with tarlatan cloth to remove most of its waste (surface ink) and a final smooth wipe is often done with newspaper or old public phone book pages, leaving it in the incisions. To print an intaglio plate, ink or inks are painted, wiped and/or dabbed into the recessed lines (such as with brushes/rubber gloves/rollers). After the plate is sufficiently bitten it is removed from the acid bath, the ground is removed gently and the plate is usually dried or cleaned. Biting is a printmaking term to describe the acid's etching, or incising, of the image its duration depends on the acid strength, metal's reactivity, temperature, air pressure and the depth desired. The acid bites into the surface of the plate where it was exposed. The plate's ground side is then dipped into acid, or the acid poured onto it. Using etching needles or burins, the artist or writer (etcher) engraves their image (therefore to be only where the plate beneath is exposed).
In etching, for example, the plate is pre-covered in a thin, acid-resistant resin or wax ground. copper) plate by means either of a cutting tool called a burin, held in the hand – in which case the process is called engraving or through the corrosive action of acid – in which case the process is known as etching. In intaglio printing, the lines to be printed are cut into a metal (e.g.
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